Titanium alloys are advanced metallic materials composed of titanium as the base metal with alloying elements like aluminum, vanadium, and molybdenum. Renowned for their low density (≈4.5g/cm³) and high strength (tensile strength up to 1000+ MPa), these alloys excel in critical applications:
- Aerospace: Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) for aircraft engine components and airframe structures
- Medical: Ti-6Al-7Nb for biocompatible implants like hip joints
- Chemical Processing: Pd-modified grades (e.g., Ti-0.20Pd) resistant to reducing acids
Key properties include exceptional corrosion resistance (forming dense oxide films in seawater/nitric acid) and high-temperature stability (certain alloys operate up to 550°C), making them indispensable for high-performance manufacturing across industries.
Titanium Alloy Guide – Grades, Properties, and Applications
Titanium alloys play a critical role in industries such as aerospace, medical, and chemical processing. This guide details ASTM grades, compositions, product forms, and applications of titanium alloys to help you select the right material for your project.
Alloy Category Navigation
- Commercially Pure (Unalloyed) Ti Grades
- Pd/Ru-Modified Pure Grades
- Alpha & Near-Alpha Alloys
- Alpha-Beta Alloys
- Near-Beta & Beta Alloys
1. Commercially Pure (Unalloyed) Titanium Grades
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Unalloyed titanium offers excellent corrosion resistance and formability. Explore grades ranging from Ti Grade 1 (softest, highest ductility) to Ti Grade 4 (highest strength).
| Alloy Grade & Name | Composition & Description | Product Forms | Typical Applications |
| Ti Grade 1 | Low strength, highest ductility/cold formability. Resists oxidizing/reducing media. Excellent weldability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe, Wire | AC, CG, CP, DS, HE, HR, FP, MI, PB, NS |
| Ti Grade 2 | Moderate strength; excellent weldability, cold formability, and fabricability. “Workhorse” for industrial use; resists mildly reducing to highly oxidizing media (with/without chlorides). Approved for sour service (NACE MR-01-75). | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe, Seamless Tubing, Wire, Foil | AC, AD, AP, AR, CG, CP, DS, FP, HE, HR, MI, NS, PB, PP, OP, SR |
| Ti Grade 3 | Slightly stronger than Grade 2; similar corrosion resistance. Good weldability, reasonable cold formability/ductility. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe | CP, NS, PP |
| Ti Grade 4 | Higher strength (high interstitial content); reasonable weldability but reduced ductility/cold formability vs Grades 2/3. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip | AC, AD, CP |
2. Pd/Ru-Modified Pure Titanium Grades
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These alloys enhance corrosion resistance in harsh environments (e.g., reducing acids, hot halides) while retaining formability.
| Alloy Grade & Name | Composition & Description | Product Forms | Typical Applications |
| Ti-0.20Pd (Grade 7) | Max corrosion resistance in reducing acids/hot halides. Properties match Ti Grade 2. Excellent weldability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Tubing, Welded Pipe, Wire | AC, AP, CP, DS, HE, PB |
| Ti-0.15Pd (Grade 11) | Max corrosion resistance in reducing acids/hot halides. Properties match Ti Grade 1 (soft grade). Excellent weldability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe, Wire | AC, CP, DS, HE, HR, PB |
| Ti-0.05Pd (Grade 16) | Lower-cost, leaner Pd version of Ti Grade 7. Equivalent physical/mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe, Wire | AC, AP, CP, DS, HE, HR, PB |
| Ti-0.05Pd (Grade 17) | Lower-cost, leaner Pd version of Ti Grade 11. Equivalent physical/mechanical properties (soft grade) and corrosion resistance. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe, Wire | AC, CP, DS, HE, HR, PB |
| Ti-0.1Ru [TiRu-26] (Grade 26) | Lower-cost Ru-containing alternative to Ti Grade 7. Equivalent properties and corrosion resistance. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe, Wire | AC, CP, DS, HE, HR, PB |
| Ti-0.1Ru [TiRu-27] (Grade 27) | Lower-cost Ru-containing alternative to Ti Grade 11. Equivalent properties (soft grade) and corrosion resistance. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing/Pipe | AC, CP, DS, HE, HR, PB |
3. Alpha & Near-Alpha Titanium Alloys
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These alloys offer high-temperature stability and weldability, ideal for aerospace, chemical processing, and cryogenic applications.
| Alloy Grade & Name | Composition & Description | Product Forms | Typical Applications |
| Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni (Grade 12) | Improved strength vs pure Ti. Resists hot brine crevice corrosion/reducing acids. Approved for sour service (NACE MR-01-75). | Ingot, Billet, Welded Pipe, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing, Seamless Pipe, Wire | CP, DS, GB, HE, HR, OP |
| Ti-3Al-2.5V (Ti-3-2.5) (Grade 9) | Medium strength, non-ageable; highest strength/design allowables under pressure vessel codes. Good weldability/cold formability (mildly reducing to oxidizing media). | Ingot, Billet, Welded Pipe, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing, Foil, Seamless Tubing, Wire | AD, CG, NS, SR |
| Ti-3Al-2.5V-Pd (Ti-3-2.5-Pd) (Grade 18) | Pd-enhanced Ti-3Al-2.5V. Equivalent properties but improved resistance to dilute reducing acids/hot halide crevice corrosion. | Ingot, Billet, Welded Pipe, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing, Seamless Pipe | CP, GB, HE, OP, PD |
| Ti-3Al-2.5V-Ru (Ti-3-2.5-Ru) (Grade 28) | Ru-enhanced Ti-3Al-2.5V. Equivalent properties but improved resistance to dilute reducing acids/hot halide crevice corrosion. Approved for sour service (NACE MR-01-75). | Ingot, Billet, Welded Pipe, Plate, Strip, Welded Tubing, Seamless Pipe, Wire | CP, GB, HE, OP, PD |
| Ti-5Al-2.5Sn (Ti-5-2.5) (Grade 6) | Weldable, non-ageable, high-strength; good high-temperature stability, strength, oxidation/creep resistance. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Sheet | GT |
| Ti-5Al-2.5Sn ELI (Ti-5-2.5 ELI) | Extra-low interstitial version of Ti-5Al-2.5Sn. Excellent toughness/strength at cryogenic temperatures (down to -255°C). Suited for cryogenic vessels. | Ingot, Bar, Billet | SS |
| Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V (Ti-8-1-1) | Highly creep-resistant, non-ageable, weldable, high-strength (up to 455°C). Lowest density/highest modulus of commercial Ti alloys. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Sheet | GT |
| Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo-0.1Si (Ti-6-2-4-2-S) | Weldable, high-strength; excellent strength, stability, and creep resistance (up to 550°C). | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Sheet | AF, AU, GT |
4. Alpha-Beta Titanium Alloys
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These alloys balance strength, toughness, and heat treatability—often called the “workhorse” category for aerospace (e.g., Ti-6Al-4V).
| Alloy Grade & Name | Composition & Description | Product Forms | Typical Applications |
| Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) | Heat-treatable, high-strength; most commercially used (“aerospace workhorse”). Used up to 400°C. Excellent strength, toughness, ductility, weldability, and fabricability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet, Seamless Pipe, Wire, Seamless Tubing, Foil | AD, AF, AU, BA, CG, GT, HE, LG, NS, PD, SR, SS |
| Ti-6Al-4V ELI (Grade 23) | Extra-low interstitial version of Ti-6Al-4V. Improved ductility/fracture toughness in air/saltwater. Excellent toughness/strength/ductility in cryogenic service (down to -255°C). Typically used non-aged for max toughness. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet, Wire, Seamless Tubing, Foil | AF, MI, BA, NS, OP, SS |
| Ti-6Al-4V-0.1Ru (Ti-6-4-Ru) (Grade 29) | Extra-low interstitial, Ru-containing Ti-6Al-4V. Improved fracture toughness in air/seawater/brines. Resists localized corrosion in sweet/sour acidic brines (up to 330°C). Approved for sour service (NACE MR-01-75). | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet, Seamless Pipe, Wire | CP, DS, GB, OP, PD |
| Ti-6Al-7Nb | High-strength; good toughness/ductility. Primarily used for medical implants (excellent biocompatibility). | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Wire | MI |
| Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn (Ti-6-6-2) | Heat-treatable, high-strength; higher strength/section hardenability than Ti-6Al-4V but lower toughness/ductility. Limited weldability. Used mill-annealed or aged (very high strength). | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet | AF |
| Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6-2-4-6) | Heat-treatable, deep-hardenable, very high-strength; improved strength up to 450°C. Limited weldability. Approved for sour service (NACE MR-01-75). | Ingot, Bar, Billet | GT |
| Ti-4Al-4Mo-2Sn-0.5Si (Ti-550) | Heat-treatable, high-strength forging alloy; good strength/creep resistance (up to 400°C). | Ingot, Bar, Billet | GT |
| Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Mo-2Cr-0.15Si (Ti-6-22-22) | Heat-treatable, high-strength; superior strength/fracture toughness vs Ti-6Al-4V. Excellent superplastic formability/thermal stability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet, Wire | AF, SS |
| Ti-4.5Al-3V-2Mo-2Fe (SP-700) | Heat-treatable, high-strength; superior strength/hot/superplastic formability vs Ti-6Al-4V. Good ductility/fatigue resistance. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Plate, Sheet | AF, CG, GT, SR, SS |
| Ti-5Al-4Cr-4Mo-2Sn-2Zr (Ti-17) | Heat-treatable, deep-section hardenable, very high-strength; superior strength/creep resistance vs Ti-6Al-4V (up to 400°C). Limited weldability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet | GT |
5. Near-Beta & Beta Titanium Alloys
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These alloys offer ultra-high strength and deep hardenability, suited for high-stress applications (e.g., landing gear, medical implants).
| Alloy Grade & Name | Composition & Description | Product Forms | Typical Applications |
| Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al (Ti-10-2-3) | Heat-treatable, deep-hardenable, very high-strength; superior fatigue resistance/strength-toughness. Exceptional hot-die forgeability but limited weldability. | Ingot, Bar, Billet | AF, LG |
| Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo (Ti Beta-C) (Grade 19) | Heat-treatable, deep-section hardenable, very high-strength; good toughness-strength, low elastic modulus, and improved stress/localized corrosion resistance in high-temperature sweet/sour brines. Approved for sour service (NACE MR-01-75). | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Seamless Pipe, Wire | GB, LG, NS, PD, SS |
| Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo-0.05Pd (Ti Beta-C/Pd) (Grade 20) | Pd-containing version of Ti-38644 (Beta-C/Pd). Equivalent properties but significantly enhanced stress/localized corrosion resistance in high-temperature brines. | Ingot, Bar, Billet, Seamless Pipe | GB, NS, PD |
Application Legend
Decode abbreviations used in “Typical Applications” to map alloys to industries:
| Abbreviation | Description | Abbreviation | Description |
| AC | Anode/cathode/cell components | GT | Gas turbine engine components |
| AD | Aircraft ducting/hydraulic/tubing | HE | Hydrometallurgical extraction |
| AF | Airframe components | HR | Hydrocarbon refining/processing |
| AP | Air pollution control equipment | LG | Landing gear components |
| AR | Architectural/roofing | MI | Medical implants/devices |
| AU | Automotive components | NS | Navy ship components |
| BA | Ballistic armor | OP | Offshore hydrocarbon production |
| CG | Consumer products (watches, etc.) | PB | Pulp/paper bleaching equipment |
| CP | Chemical processing equipment | PD | Hydrocarbon production/drilling |
| DS | Desalination/brine concentration | PP | Power plant cooling components |
| FP | Food processing/pharmaceutical | SR | Sports/recreational equipment |
| GB | Geothermal brine energy extraction | SS | Space vehicles/structures |
Related Resources
- Titanium Machining Services – Precision fabrication for titanium alloys.
- Titanium Alloy Properties Chart – Compare mechanical and chemical properties.
- NACE MR-01-75 Compliant Materials – Alloys for sour service environments.